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昂立教育 > 托福机经 > 阅读 > 2011.06预测阅读【9】_090911NA_

2011.06预测阅读【9】_090911NA_
发布时间:2013-01-10 作者:昂立 来源于:昂立外语网站

READING SECTION

 

Passage 1

Topic

中国为什么出现集权制?            历史

Mindmap

        

 

Glossary

centralization  n./ a centralize system 

中央集权制,是一种国家政权的制度,以国家职权统一于中央政府,削弱地方政府力量为标志,是地方分权的对称。这种形式起源于中国秦朝,并在清朝达到顶峰并迅速衰落。这种制度通常与君主专制相提并论。另外,也跟地方权力较大的几种政权体制作为对照。有观点认为现在中央集权并没有消失,而是隐藏于民主政体之下,如今世界上的许多单一制国家仍旧实行中央集权制。在中国,这种政治制度被史学界认为存在于封建社会和部分专制政体之中。

decentralization  n.

权力下放,是一种组织技术,旨在于同一个法人内部,由中央行政部门向其下放部门分配人员和职能, 原则上由国家使用。下放的人员和职能由他们的上级负责,等级控制施加于人员(任命、纪律等)以及他们的行为(上级可以取消下属的决定、向他们发布指令或是修改他们的决定)。权力下放后的机关仍然维持一个机构的完整性,使得法人能够介入管理行为中。因此,它提供国家以更高效和快速的反应能力,

feudalism  n.

封建主义。封建是一种源自中国古代天子依爵位高低将领土分封与宗室或功臣作为食邑的制度;在此一制度下,大地主或领主能强行索取土地收入,并且能在其领地上行使政府职权。中国的封建制度,始于11世纪西周封建,在前3世纪秦朝建立以后,渐为中央集权制所取代。

account for

1.      解释,说明

     Eg. How do you account for the crack on the door?

2.       (数量或比例上)占去

Eg. The company accounts for 30% of the market share.

water conservancy project/ hydroproject

(构词法记忆:hydro-为前缀,表示“水”。eg. hydroelectric power plant 水电站)

水利工程,用于控制和调配自然界的地表水和地下水,达到除害兴利目的而修建的工程。只有修建水利工程,才能控制水流,防止洪涝灾害,并进行水量的调节和分配,以满足人民生活和生产对水资源的需要。

我国是文明古国,科学技术在18世纪之前一直处于世界领跑地位,伟大的水利工程数不胜数。代表作:郑国渠(Zhengguo canal、都江堰(Dujiangyan Dam)、京杭大运河(Grand Canal)。

family farming/ petite culture

小农经济,也可以说是自然经济,也可以说是自耕农经济,特点:分散性、封闭性、自足性,是一种自给自足的自然经济,比如封建社会时期的社会经济情况就是小农经济占主导。petite表示“小”,来自法语,常见词组petite bourgeois,小资。

frigid  n.

寒冷的

autocracy  n.

   独裁政治,专制

Confucianism  n.

儒教,孔教。儒教是以孔子为先师,圣人神道设教,倡导王道德治、尊王攘夷和上下秩序的国家宗教。Confucius,孔子。

Confucius Institute

    孔子学院,2004年在韩国首尔开设第一家,主要目的是传播中国文化和汉字。

patriarchal system  n.

宗法制度,是由氏族社会父系家长制演变而来的,是王族贵族放按血缘关系分配国家权力,以便建立世袭统治的一种制度。其特点是宗族组织和国家组织合而为一,宗法等级和政治等级完全一致。

enfeoffment  n.

采邑, 古代国君封赐给卿大夫作为世禄的田邑。

Supplementary reading

The legal development of ancient China has undergone a very brilliant period and so far it still has attracted a number of Chinese and foreign scholars. What is the reason why the Ancient Chinese law can develop? This text indicates that the agriculture-based civilization, autocratic centralization, patriarchal society and other factors are the vital factors that lead to the ancient Chinese legal development with features of its own.

Autocratic centralization affected the legal development in ancient China. As we all know, ancient China is an autocratic country with highly centralization. The political system has profound social background. In Chinese history, West Zhou Dynasty has a brilliant period of system of enfeoffment, which leads the dynasty to the peak of slavery. However, system of enfeoffment resulted in the chaos of the ducal states in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. It is the First Qin Emperor that unites the world by means of centralization. Centralization prevails over the enfeoffment in the first round of bout. The second round happens in the early years of West Han Dynasty. The kings belonging to royal family or not who were infeudated in the early Han Dynasty had eventually become centrifugal force in the course of its development. And it is Emperor Wu that won the kings and maintained the unity of  the country with power centralization, thus creating a glorious Han. Centralization defeats enfeoffment in the second round of contest. Since then, the concept of centralization of power has been identified and accepted by people. Furthermore, the typical agricultural civilization is in the pursuit of stability, unity and harmony, which calls urgently for a strong core and powerful leadership. Therefore, a strong centralized government headed by the emperor has become an inevitable choice in history, as have had a very far-reaching influence on the legal development in ancient China.

Source: <www.ccsenet.org/journal.html>

 

Passage 2

Topic

美国城市的演变    历史

Mindmap[*]

Three Periods:

 

 

 

Glossary

metropolis  n.

大都市,都会

centralized metropolis

向心型城市, 指人口向城市中心聚集的状态,一般是城市发展初期的基本方式,因此被称为城市化的初级阶段。

decentralized metropolis

分散型城市,指人口从城市中心向外扩散和经济活动从城市中心向外扩展的状态,一般是城市化发展中后期出现的方式。分散型城市化根据其发展的不同阶段,又可进一步分为郊区城市化和逆城市化。

entrepreneur  n.

企业家

substantial  adj.

大量的

slack  n.

萧条,不景气

The Great Depression

美国经济大萧条,1929年至1933年之间全球性的经济大衰退。

这是美国证券史上最黑暗的一天,是美国历史上影响最大、危害最深的经济事件,影响波及西方国家乃至整个世界。此后,美国和全球进入了长达10年的经济大萧条时期。

baby boom

 婴儿潮,主要是指美国第二次世界大战后的4664”现象--1946年至1964年,这18年间婴儿潮人口高达7800万人。

vertical city

间发展城市;摩天楼城市

spatial city

空间发展城市

Supplementary reading

Three Eras of American City Growth

The basic chronology of U.S. cities has three parts:

First, the premodern era, which came to a close in the period 1790–1830, retained a deep similarity to and continuity with European cities. Containing about 5 percent or less of any region's population, cities functioned as commercial and political centers. Although both the population and the number of cities had begun to expand, this era was quiescent compared with the explosive century that followed.

Second, the century-long period of local economic and population growth from 1830 to 1930 saw a dynamic and historically unprecedented expansion of cities—in absolute size, in proportion of the total population, and in number. Prior to this century, cities had been much more responsive agents. But during this phase, cities began to work out their new mode of providing services, acting positively in local affairs, and doing so as competitive entrepreneurs. Local governments financed two transportation revolutions, in railroads and hard surfaced roads. Demographically, European migration fueled a substantial portion of this expansion. When this ended prior to World War I, rural migration took up the slack, only to cease during the Great Depression, which abruptly terminated the era. The individualistic local underwriting of growth ended unpredictably and, equally as unpredictably, a reluctant federal government stepped in to support the end of a century of urban growth.

Finally, post-Depression cities made the innovations of the previous century permanent and somewhat invisible, by creating bureaucracies to accomplish the new services. New federal government actions during the Depression helped dissipate intense local concerns about cities. The subsequent federal period of American cities had its organizational basis laid during the Depression and World War II, and continued until the mid-1970s. Demographic change in this period continued to be as important as it had been earlier, with the very form of the residential city consciously reorganized around the burgeoning nuclear families of the baby boomers. Intracity finance of transportation continued the transportation revolution begun by cities in the late nineteenth century with hard surfaced roads. Thousands of intensely local governments built new, competing small cities on the fringes of older ones, continuing the expansion and significance of small- and medium-sized cities, cities all too often ignored by urban analysts. The result has been the decentralized metropolis. Since the mid-1970s, the proportion of the population living outside of cities has stabilized, and change now occurs within and between cities and regions. Metropolitan spread continues, following the network of hard surfaced roads.

Source:< http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft8779p1zm&chunk.id=d0e82&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e82&brand=ucpress>

 

Passage 3

Topic

动物为什么要站岗放哨?   生物

Mindmap

 

Glossary

stand guard

站岗放哨

Eg. to stand guard over the village  守卫村子

offspring  n.单复同形

后代

altruism  n.

利他主义所谓利他主义,就是一个个体在特定的时间和空间条件下,以牺牲自己的适应性来增加、促进和提高另一个个体适应性的表现。对于一般动物而言,产生利他主义情结的原因可能更多地是出于本能和遗传,当然也不排除它们通过一些简单的计算和推理而导致利他的可能性。从总体上看,动物没有人类所具有的发达理性和计算能力;所以,动物中的利他主义更多体现为一种自然属性,而非社会属性。

save/protect one’s own skin

(不管别人死活)逃命,摆脱困境

Eg. My first thought was to save my own skin.

我的第一个念头就是逃命要紧。

lookout  n.

守望者

rota  n.

值勤表

predator  n.

捕猎者

Supplementary reading

Animal altruism myth exposed

The co-operative mongoose, long held as a prime example of heroic altruism in the animal kingdom, is a selfish as the next beast, a study has revealed.

 

Standing guard just gives it more time to save its own skin.

The discovery could lead to a better understanding of how humans succeeded in learning to look after one another.

Mutual benefit

Why some creatures risk their lives for the benefit of others is a puzzle for scientists, because it contradicts an animal's instinct for survival.

Meerkats are often seen doing guard duty while others in their group forage for beetles and larvae in the dusty earth. Scientists thought the guards did this because they benefited from a lookout when they themselves came to feed.

But research in South Africa has shown this is not true.

If the meerkats' behaviour was truly altruistic, the scientists reasoned, then:

  • Guards should be more likely to be killed
  • There would be a rota of guard duty among the animals
  • Meerkats living alone would not do guard duty

However, the scientists from the UK and South Africa saw that none of these things actually happened, after watching 18 different groups of meerkats in the Kalahari Gemsbok Park, SA.

Not one meerkat guard was attacked by a predator in 2,000 hours of observation.

They did sound an alarm upon spotting an eagle or jackal, but they were also the first to dash into a nearby burrow. Standing guard gives a meerkat extra time for saving its own skin.

The team also saw that the animals would only stand guard when they were not hungry and when no other meerkat was already on watch. There was no fixed rota of duty.

Source: <http:// http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/360255.stm >

 



 

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