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昂立教育 > 托福机经 > 写作 > 2011.06预测写作【17】_091031NA_

2011.06预测写作【17】_091031NA_
发布时间:2013-01-11 作者:昂立 来源于:昂立外语网站

WRITING SECTION

u  Integrated writing task:

Topic discussed

Hydroelectric

Notes

Reading:

Main point: hydroelectric power plants three advantages

Key point 1: low cost

Key point 2: low pollution

Key point 3: the water paths protect wildlife

Lecture:

Main point: it also has disadvantages

Key point 1: account of the research cost for selecting location and building cost, the cost of hydroelectric

plants is not low

Key point 2: hydroelectric plants produce the same amount of greenhouse gases as fossil fuel plant do

Key point 3: water plants cannot protect all fishes, an example in England, a kind of fish cannot use the water path as salmon do

Glossary

污染

Contaminate

基因科技

Genetic technology

威胁

Threat/menace

繁殖

Reproduction

有毒成分

Toxic component

不宜居的

Uninhabitable

有害的

Hazardous

能源危机

Energy crisis

替代品

Substitute/alternative/replacement

植树造林

Afforestation

砍伐森林

Deforestation

环境恶化

Degradation

环保的

Environmentally friendly

 

Sample writing

Both the reading passage and the lecture focus on whether hydroelectric power is good. According to the author, it has a lot of advantages The lecturer, however, holds the opposite view, challenging the argument made in the reading passage.

 

The first point mentioned by the author to support the argument is it is cheap and cost-efficient. On the other hand, the lecturer refutes this by saying that doing researches and building up factories need a lot of money and funds.

 

Moreover, the author talked about the fact that hydroelectric power is a good way to protect the environment and avoid the emission of greenhouse gas. The lecturer casts doubt on this idea by saying that the same amount of pollution will be caused, since it also consumes energy.

 

In addition, the author points out that wild life can be protected since the water path is helpful. The lecturer challenges the idea by saying that not all wild life can take the water path as a protection. Example is cited in this point.

 

To sum up, the author contends that hydroelectric power is good. However, the lecture deeply believes that it is no better than fossil fuels. (196 words)

Supplementary readings

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel powered energy plants. Worldwide, an installed capacity of 777 GWe supplied 2998 TWh of hydroelectricity in 2006.[1] This was approximately 20% of the world's electricity, and accounted for about 88% of electricity from renewable sources.[2]

 

History

Hydropower has been used since ancient times to grind flour and perform other tasks. In the mid-1770s, French engineer Bernard Forest de Bélidor published Architecture Hydraulique which described vertical- and horizontal-axis hydraulic machines. By the late 19th century, the electrical generator was developed and could now be coupled with hydraulics. The growing demand for the Industrial Revolution would drive development as well. In 1878 the world's first hydroelectric power scheme was developed at Cragside in Northumberland, England by William George Armstrong. It was used to power a single light bulb in his art gallery. The old Schoelkopf Power Station No. 1 near Niagara Falls in the U.S. side began to produce electricity in 1881. The first Edison hydroelectric power plant, the Vulcan Street Plant, began operating September 30, 1882, in Appleton, Wisconsin, with an output of about 12.5 kilowatts. By 1886 there were 45 hydroelectric power plants in the U.S. and Canada. By 1889 there were 200 in the U.S. alone.

At the beginning of the 20th century, many small hydroelectric power plants were being constructed by commercial companies in mountains near metropolitan areas. Grenoble, France held the International Exhibition of Hydropower and Tourism with over one million visitors. By 1920 as 40% of the power produced in the United States was hydroelectric, the Federal Power Act was enacted into law. The Act created the Federal Power Commission to regulate hydroelectric power plants on federal land and water. As the power plants became larger, their associated dams developed additional purposes to include flood control, irrigation and navigation. Federal funding became necessary for large-scale development and federally owned corporations, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority (1933) and the Bonneville Power Administration (1937) were created. Additionally, the Bureau of Reclamation which had began a series of western U.S. irrigation projects in the early 20th century was now constructing large hydroelectric projects such as the 1928 Hoover Dam. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was also involved in hydroelectric development, completing the Bonneville Dam in 1937 and being recognized by the Flood Control Act of 1936 as the premier federal flood control agency.

Hydroelectric power plants continued to become larger throughout the 20th century. Hydropower was referred to as white coal for its power and plenty. Hoover Dam's initial 1,345 MW Power Plant was the world's largest hydroelectric power plant in 1936; it was eclipsed by the 6809 MW Grand Coulee Dam in 1942. The Itaipu Dam opened in 1984 in South America as the largest, producing 14,000 MW but was surpassed in 2008 by the Three Gorges Dam in China at 22,500 MW. Hydroelectricity would eventually supply some countries, including Norway, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Paraguay and Brazil, with over 85% of their electricity. The United States currently has over 2,000 hydroelectric power plants which supply 49% of its renewable electricity.

 

 

 

u  Independent writing task:

Essay question

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

It is often not a good thing to move to a new city or a new country because of losing of old friends.

Brainstorming

Pros

Time to adapt to new environment

Conflicts

Fewer contacts with old friends

Loneliness

Cons

Telephone and email

More topics to share with old friends

New experience

New friends

 

Words & expressions

Friendship Synonyms:

acquaintanceship: –noun

1.  a person known to one, but usually not a close friend.

2.  the state of being acquainted.

3.  personal knowledge as a result of study, experience, etc.: a good acquaintance with French wines.

4.  (used with a plural verb) the persons with whom one is acquainted.

 

alliance: –noun

1.  the act of allying or state of being allied.

2.  a formal agreement or treaty between two or more nations to cooperate for specific purposes.

3.  a merging of efforts or interests by persons, families, states, or organizations: an alliance between church and state.

4.  the persons or entities so allied.

5.  marriage or the relationship created by marriage between the families of the bride and bridegroom.

6.  correspondence in basic characteristics; affinity: the alliance between logic and metaphysics.

 

amiability: - noun, see amiable

amiable: –adjective

1.  having or showing pleasant, good-natured personal qualities; affable: an amiable disposition.

2.  friendly; sociable: an amiable greeting; an amiable gathering.

3.  agreeable; willing to accept the wishes, decisions, or suggestions of another or others.

4.  Obsolete. lovable or lovely.

 

amity: –noun

1.  friendship; peaceful harmony.

2.  mutual understanding and a peaceful relationship, esp. between nations; peace; accord.

 

attachment:–noun

1.  an act of attaching or the state of being attached.

2.  a feeling that binds one to a person, thing, cause, ideal, or the like; devotion; regard: a fond attachment to his cousin; a profound attachment to the cause of peace.

3.  something that attaches; a fastening or tie: the attachments of a harness; the attachments of a pair of skis.

4.  an additional or supplementary device: attachments for an electric drill.

5.  Law. seizure of property or person by legal authority, esp. seizure of a defendant's property to prevent its dissipation before trial or to acquire jurisdiction over it.

6.  something attached, as a document added to a letter.

 

comity: –noun, plural -ties.

1.  mutual courtesy; civility.

2.  Also called comity of nations. courtesy between nations, as in respect shown by one country for the laws, judicial decisions, and institutions of another.

 

company: –noun

1.  a number of individuals assembled or associated together; group of people.

2.  a guest or guests: We're having company for dinner.

3.  an assemblage of persons for social purposes.

4.  companionship; fellowship; association: I always enjoy her company.

5.  one's usual companions: I don't like the company he keeps.

6.  society collectively.

 

concord: –noun

1.  agreement between persons, groups, nations, etc.; concurrence in attitudes, feelings, etc.; unanimity; accord: There was complete concord among the delegates.

2.  agreement between things; mutual fitness; harmony

 

familiarity: –noun, plural -ties.

1.  the state of being familiar; friendly relationship; close acquaintance; intimacy.

 

fondness:–noun

1.  the state or quality of being fond.

2.  tenderness or affection.

3.  doting affection.

4.  a liking or weakness for something: He has a fondness for sweets.

 

rapport: –noun

relation; connection, esp. harmonious or sympathetic relation: a teacher trying to establish close rapport with students.

 

solidarity: –noun, plural -ties.

1.  union or fellowship arising from common responsibilities and interests, as between members of a group or between classes, peoples, etc.: to promote solidarity among union members.

2.  community of feelings, purposes, etc.

3.  community of responsibilities and interests.

 

chumminess: –adjective, -mier, -miest. Informal.

friendly; intimate; sociable.

 

companionship: –noun

1.  association as companions; fellowship.

2.  Printing. a group of compositors working under a foreman.

 

comradeship: –noun

1.  a person who shares in one's activities, occupation, etc.; companion, associate, or friend.

2.  a fellow member of a fraternal group, political party, etc.

 

fellowship: –noun

1.  the condition or relation of being a fellow: the fellowship of humankind.

2.  friendly relationship; companionship: the fellowship of father and son.

3.  community of interest, feeling, etc.

4.  communion, as between members of the same church.

5.  friendliness.

6.  an association of persons having similar tastes, interests, etc.

7.  a company, guild, or corporation.

 

Friend Synonyms:

acquaintance: –noun

1.  a person known to one, but usually not a close friend.

2.  the state of being acquainted.

3.  personal knowledge as a result of study, experience, etc.: a good acquaintance with French wines.

4.  (used with a plural verb) the persons with whom one is acquainted.

 

associate: –noun

1.  a person who shares actively in anything as a business, enterprise, or undertaking; partner; colleague; fellow worker: He consulted with his associates before proceeding further.

2.  a companion or comrade: my most intimate associates.

3.  a confederate; an accomplice or ally: criminal associates.

4.  anything usually accompanying or associated with another; an accompaniment or concomitant.

5.  a person who is admitted to a subordinate degree of membership in an association or institution: an associate of the Royal Academy.

 

buddy: n.   pl. buddies

 

   1. A good friend; a comrade.

   2. A partner, especially one of a pair or team associated under the buddy system.

   3. Friend or comrade; chum. Used as a form of familiar address, especially for a man or boy: Watch it, buddy.

 

cohort: –noun

1.  a group or company: She has a cohort of admirers.

2.  a companion or associate.

3.  one of the ten divisions in an ancient Roman legion, numbering from 300 to 600 soldiers.

4.  any group of soldiers or warriors.

5.  an accomplice; abettor: He got off with probation, but his cohorts got ten years apiece.

6.  a group of persons sharing a particular statistical or demographic characteristic: the cohort of all children born in 1980.

7.  Biology. an individual in a population of the same species.

 

colleague: –noun

an associate.

 

companion: –noun

1.  a person who is frequently in the company of, associates with, or accompanies another: my son and his two companions.

2.  a person employed to accompany, assist, or live with another in the capacity of a helpful friend.

3.  a mate or match for something: White wine is the usual companion of fish.

 

consort: –noun

1.  a husband or wife; spouse, esp. of a reigning monarch. eg prince consort, queen consort.

2.  a companion, associate, or partner: a confidant and consort of heads of state.

3.  accord or agreement.

 

crony: –noun, plural -nies.

a close friend or companion; chum.

 

intimate: –noun

1.  an intimate friend or associate, esp. a confidant.

 

mate: –noun

1.  husband or wife; spouse.

2.  one member of a pair of mated animals.

3.  one of a pair: I can't find the mate to this glove.

4.  a counterpart.

5.  an associate; fellow worker; comrade; partner (often used in combination): classmate; roommate.

6.  friend; buddy; pal (often used as an informal term of address): Let me give you a hand with that, mate.

 

pal: –noun

1.  a very close, intimate friend; comrade; chum.

2.  an accomplice.

 

Sample writing

Nowadays, there are an increasing number of people who move to a new city or a new country instead of staying in the same place all the life. Some people claim that it is not good to do so because of the loss of old friends. However, it is not right to overstate the relationship between the place and friends. So I hardly agree with this statement.

 

Admittedly, long physical distance would have an impact on our contacts with our old friends to some extent. After moving into another city or country, we have no access to meeting our old friend face to face, shaking hands and giving a hug to each other. However, this could not stop me from keeping in touch with our friends. With development of the advanced technology, mobile phone, MSN and G-talk makes it possible for one to make a contact with some friends instantly. Besides, intercity train and airplane, witnessing the great progress in transportation, could help people go from one country to another in few hours. In this case, without living in the same city or country, we also can communicate with each other and meet our old friends and we would not lose them.

 

Meanwhile, moving into the new city or country brings us a majority of advantages.  Firstly, this broadens our horizon by living in unfamiliar country so we are exposed to culture and custom which are totally different from ours. For instance, we could taste different kinds of traditional food in the new city or country, exchange information with native either in dialect or foreign languages. Secondly, by living in another place, we would be given first-hand experience. No matter how many pictures you have seen and how exact TV program you watched about that city or country, they are less instructive than go to that in only one city or country by yourself. Lastly, we would meet new friends totally from different backgrounds. Sharing different experience with each other and learning strong points from each other would be of interest to and of valuable use to all. So we can properly come to the conclusion that it would be good to move into a new city or country.

 

All in all, we find it hardly possible for us, after moving to a new city or country, to lose our old friends but get more than before.

(396 words)

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