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SAT阅读背景知识整理——President Lyndon B. Johnson
发布时间:2013-05-30 作者: 来源于:昂立外语网站

SAT阅读背景知识整理——President Lyndon B. Johnson

 

林登·贝恩斯·约翰逊(Lyndon Baines Johnson1908827 - 1973122日)是美国第三十六任总统。(19631122——1965120日,1965120——1969120日)

Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of the United States (1963–1969), a position he assumed after his service as the 37th Vice President of the United States (1961–1963). He is one of only four people who served in all four elected federal offices of the United States: Representative, Senator, Vice President, and President. Johnson, a Democrat from Texas, served as a United States Representative from 1937–1949 and as a Senator from 1949–1961, including six years as United States Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader and two as Senate Majority Whip. After campaigning unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination in 1960, Johnson was asked by John F. Kennedy to be his running mate for the 1960 presidential election.

Johnson succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, completed Kennedy's term and was elected President in his own right, winning by a large margin over Barry Goldwater in the 1964 election. Johnson was greatly supported by the Democratic Party and as President, he was responsible for designing the "Great Society" legislation that included laws that upheld civil rights, public broadcasting, Medicare, Medicaid, environmental protection, aid to education, and his "War on Poverty." Johnson was renowned for his domineering personality and the "Johnson treatment," his coercion of powerful politicians in order to advance legislation.

Meanwhile, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War, from 16,000 American advisors/soldiers in 1963 to 550,000 combat troops in early 1968, as American casualties soared and the peace process bogged down. The involvement stimulated a large angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U.S. and abroad. Summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, and crime rates soared, as his opponents raised demands for "law and order" policies. The Democratic Party split in multiple feuding factions, and after Johnson did poorly in the 1968 New Hampshire primary, he ended his bid for reelection. Republican Richard Nixon was elected to succeed him. Historians argue that Johnson's presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States after the New Deal era. Johnson is ranked favorably by some historians because of his domestic policies.


  约翰逊年轻从政,29岁即当选为国会议员,是罗斯福总统新政的积极支持者。第二次世界大战后,不论是民主党执政,还是共和党掌权,他都是紧跟执政者,因而官运亨通,步步高升。
  肯尼迪被刺后他入主白宫,任内在外交上无甚建树,内政方面提出过不少有关社会福利和民权的法案,以推行其伟大的社会施政计划,他一手扩大侵略越南战争,使侵越美军从他出任总统时的1万余人激增至卸任前的50余万人。在战事失利后,美国国内出现反战浪潮,同时种族暴乱频仍,民主党党内矛盾重重,陷于分裂。他作出了不参加下届总统竞选的抉择,从此息影政坛。
  他于1908827日生于德克萨斯州中部草原。约翰逊家族曾参与了约翰逊城的建设。
  1930年他毕业于德克萨斯州西南师范学院。
  1930年至1932年他在休斯顿一所学校教授演说术和辩论术。
  1931年他有幸成为克莱伯格议员的秘书。
  1935年罗斯福总统任命他为全国学生事务管理局的德克萨斯州负责人。任职期间他成绩卓著。
  1937年他当选为国会众议员。
  1948年当选为国会参议员。
  1951年,在参议院工作仅3年的,他就成为了民主党的领袖。
  1960年,约翰逊未能获得民主党总统候选人提名,他便接受了肯尼迪提名他为副总统的建议。
  19631122日,肯尼迪总统在德克萨斯州达拉斯遇刺身亡,副总统约翰逊旋即在达
拉斯机场的空军一号总统专机的机舱里宣誓就职,成为美国第三十六任总统。
  在继任了总统一职之后,1964年,约翰逊又正式当选为总统。
  在内政上,约翰逊总统提出了与新政公平施政新边疆一脉相承的改革计划,即伟大社会施政纲领。
  他在位期间,不遗余力地推行各项福利法案、民权法案、消灭贫穷法案和减税法,他的著名的向贫穷开战的口号,引导全国在生活富裕时考虑到饥饿和匮乏的棘手问题。
  但是在外交上,他奉行他的前任所制订的政策,使得越战不断升级,由於美军在越战中伤亡惨重,其政策遭到了国内外的普遍反对,使他赔上了政治前途。1969年他在总统选举之前宣布不会参选,并全力支持他的副总统连任。
  1973122日,他只过了4年美国前总统的生涯,就在德克萨斯州自己的牧场里因心肌梗塞去世了,年仅64岁。

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