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练习一
英译汉原文：
The culture of any society is usually thought to be of two kinds: material and nonmaterial. Material culture includes the man-made phenomena which have physical properties such as height, breadth, and weight. A boat, a machine, a house—all these objects are part of the material culture. The nonmaterial culture is that portion of the environment which surrounds man and which has an impact on his behavior but which lacks these material properties: values, beliefs, traditions, and all the other habits and ideas invented and acquired by man as a member of society.
Contemporary sociological theory tends to assign primary importance to the nonmaterial culture in choosing problems for study. It assumes, for example, that boats, planes, automobiles, and so forth, are not nearly so important as the traditions we have developed which make their manufacture possible—indeed, which prescribe how we are to use them. The emphasis of contemporary sociology is to insist that the material culture would not exist had not the nonmaterial culture first been available to suggest the ideas which are embodied in the inventions of material culture.
参考译文：
人们通常认为任何社会的文化均分为两种： 物质文化和非物质文化。 // 物质文化包括具有高度、宽度和重量等属性的人为现象。 // 船只、机器、房屋――所有 这些东西都被认为是物质文化的一部分。 // 非物质文化则是人类所处环境的一部分，对人类的行为有着影响， 但缺乏这些 / 上述物质属性： （非物质文化是指） 人作为社会一员所创立和获得的价值观、信仰、准则、传统及一切其他习惯和思想。
当代社会学理念选择要研究的问题时，往往以非物质文化为主。// 例如，社会学理论认为船只、飞机、汽车等等，其重要性远不及人们为制造这些东西――更确切地说是为规定其使用方法――而形成的传统。 // 当代社会学所强调的是，要不是先有了孕育发明物质文化想法的非物质文化，物质文化就不会存在。
练习二
英译汉原文：
There is a growing number of economists who believe today's brutally tough labor market is not a temporary American oddity. Falling wages, reduced benefits and rising job insecurity seem to be increasingly entrenched features of the job scene across most of Western Europe, the United States and other parts of the developed world. The number of insecure freelance positions is rising (as are working hours) while stable jobs with good benefits are being cut. Laid-off workers are much less likely to be rehired by their old companies and have to find new jobs or turn to self-employment. Those who still have jobs are working longer hours with little prospect of meaningful raises.
The new labor market is shaped by growing global competition, spurred by the rise of cheap manufacturers in China, India and Eastern Europe, and the price-chopping effect of both the Internet and giant retailers led by Wal-Mart. These forces compel Western companies to exercise a growing restraint on prices and labor cost. One thing globalization clearly does is to exert a leveling effect on wages.
参考译文：
越来越多的经济学家认为当今美国劳动力市场竞争异常残酷激烈，这不只是一时的怪现状。在大多西欧国家、美国及其他发达国家，降薪、福利削减、工作稳定性下降似乎已经成为就业市场越来越难以改变的痼疾。不稳定的自由职业岗位增多（工作时间同样延长），而稳定福利好的工作机会减少。工人失业后被他们的旧东家重聘的可能性越来越小，他们不得不找份新工作或者自己创业。而那些尚留在工作岗位上的人员工作时间加长，然而他们加薪前景微乎其微。
新的全球劳动力市场正受到各种因素的影响。日益激烈的全球竞争，中国、印度和东欧劳动力价格低廉的制造业的发展，零售业巨头沃尔玛以及互联网销售带来的降价冲击——这些因素迫使欧美公司增强了对价格和劳动力成本的控制。全球化带来的一个显著变化就是薪水的平均化。
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