2011春高口汉译英考试难点有二：一是主被动的处理、二是主谓语的确定。抓住了难点也就抓住了得分点！我们一起来看一下：

由于考查文章的体裁是科技法律类，因此对译文的要求就是要体现客观性。英语中能充分体现客观性的句子就是被动句。纵观全文，文章中虽然没有出现一个“被”字，但是多个句子的处理是必须利用被动语态来翻译的。既然想到了用被动，那么被动句的主语该怎样选择呢？一共有两种方法可以用：一是选择句中的宾主作为被动句的主语；二是增补主语。我们结合文中的具体句子来做一下分析：

1. 合营企业设董事会，其人数组成由合营各方协商，在合同、章程中确定，并由合营各方委派。

解析：这句话中有两个主语。一个是合营企业、另一个是董事会。翻译是可以采用由which引导的定语从句来翻译。

参考译文：A joint venture shall have a board of directors, which shall have its size and composition stipulated in the contract and the articles of association after consultation between the parties to the venture. Members of the directors shall be appointed and designated by the parties to the venture.

2. 董事长由合营各方协商确定或由董事会选举产生。

解析：本句中“由”体现被动。结构是董事长由…确定或由…产生。

参考译文：The chairmen of a board is determined by the parties to the venture or elected by the board of directors.

3. 董事会会议由董事长负责召集并主持。

解析：句中的“由”翻译成英文还是要通过被动来体现。

参考译文：The board meeting is to be called and presided over by the chairman of the board.

4. 董事会会议应用中文和英文作详细记录，并在会议结束后14日内送交每位董事，由出席董事会会议的各位董事签字确认。

解析：本句中会议是无生命个体，因此“会议”不可能“作”“详细记录”。因此可以采用“详细记录”作为主语，而且它也是后面两个分句中“送交董事”和“签字确认”的主体。

参考译文：Detailed minutes of the board meeting shall be prepared in Chinese and English and shall be delivered to each director within fourteen （14） days and signed and confirmed by each of them

原文：

合营企业设董事会，其人数组成由合营各方协商，在合同、章程中确定，并由合营各方委派。董事会是合营企业的最高权力机构，决定合营企业的一切重大问题。董事长由合营各方协商确定或由董事会选举产生。董事长是合营企业法定代表人。董事长不能履行职责时，应授权其他董事代表合营企业。

董事会会议由董事长负责召集并主持。董事会会议应当有2/3以上董事出席方能举行。董事不能出席的，可以出具委托书委托他人代表其出席和表决。董事会会议应用中文和英文作详细记录，并在会议结束后14日内送交每位董事，由出席董事会会议的各位董事签字确认。

参考译文：

A joint venture shall have a board of directors, which shall have its size and composition stipulated in the contract and the articles of association after consultation between the parties to the venture. Members of the directors shall be appointed and designated by the parties to the venture. The board of directors shall be the highest authority of a joint venture that shall decide all major matters concerning it. The chairmen of a board are determined by the parties to the venture or elected by the board of directors. The chairman of the board is the legal representative of the joint venture. When the chairman is unable to perform. his duties, he shall authorize another director to represent the joint venture.

The board meeting is to be called and presided over by the chairman of the board. It shall be held only when over two-third of the directors are present. If a director is unable to attend the meeting，he may issue a power of attorney to appoint a proxy to represent him and vote on his behalf.  Detailed minutes of the board meeting shall be prepared in Chinese and English and shall be delivered to each director within fourteen （14） days and signed and confirmed by each of them.

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