在我们学习新概念的课文时,经常会听到一个既陌生又熟悉的词——同位语。
陌生,是因为汉语里并没有一个对应的说法,如果非要找一个参照物,那或许是我们汉语中所说的破折号。
熟悉,是因为英语中同位语的使用频率相当之高。
所以大家需要学会辨认出同位语,以及所衍生出的同位语从句。
今天就来给大家说一说如何辨认同位语。当然只知其一不知其二是不够的,我们还要学会自己尝试着写出同位语及同位语从句。
Part I 何谓同位语
官方说法:一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。
同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。
通俗说法:同位语满足的条件 1) 对名词或代词作解释说明 2) 词性一致 3) 与名词或代词相邻。
Part II 如何辨别同位语
接下来我们拿新二课文中的几句句子让大家感受一下,是否同位语都符合以上条件。大家也可找一找个中规律。
I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim.
(N2 L4 An exciting trip)
Our neighbor, Captain Charles Alison, will sail from Portsmouth tomorrow.
(N2 L12 Goodbye and good luck)
My daughter, Jane, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her age in Holland.
(N2 L22 A glass envelope)
My old friend, Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for many years before he returned to England.
(L38 Everything except the weather)
My friend, Hugh, has always been fat.
(L52 Reward for virtue)
Our dog, Rex, used to sit outside our front door and bark.
(L59 In or out)
In 1858, a French engineer, Aime Thome de Gamond, arrived in England with a plan for a twenty-one-mile tunnel under the English Channel.
(L64 The Channel Tunnel)
In 1860, a better plan was put forward by an Englishman, William Low.
(L64 The Channel Tunnel)
Last Christmas, the circus owner, Jimmy Gates, decided to take some presents to a children's hospital.
(L65 Jumbo versus the police)
这么多的例子之后,大家是否能找到同位语的特点呢?
1) 解释前面的名词,以上的例子都是用来解释人物的名字,身份等
2) 可与前面的名词替换,倘若把同位语与前面的名词位置互换,句子依然成立,且意思相同
因此,判断同位语的一个方法就是两个名词之间划等号,如果能互相解释并替换,那就是同位语。再教大家一个方法,即在第一个名词后加上be动词,如果能和后面的名词连成句子,亦能证明是同位语。比如:
The great racing driver, Sir Malcolm Campbell, was the first man to drive at over 300 miles per hour.
(L72 A car called Bluebird)
The great racing driver = Sir Malcolm Campbell.
The great racing driver is Sir Malcolm Campbell.
因此Sir Malcolm Campbell是the great racing driver 的同位语。
再比如:
The only passengers, a young woman and her two baby daughters, were unhurt.
(L75 SOS)
The only passengers = a young woman and her two baby daughters
The only passengers are a young woman and her two baby daughters.
因此, a young woman and her two baby daughters 是the only passengers的同位语,两者是同位语关系。
当然,同位语除了解释人的身份,名字,职业等,还可以解释时间、地点、事物等。这样的同位语贯穿了整个新二,而下半册中尤为众多。比如:
He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia.
解释地点(L4 An exciting trip)
In 1963, a Lancaster bomber crashed on Wallis Island, a remote place in the South Pacific, a long way west of
Samoa.
解释地点,两个同位语(L66 Sweet as honey)
In 1929, three years after his flight over the North Pole, the American explorer, R.E. Byrd, successfully flew over
the South Pole for the first time.
解释时间(L43 Over the South Pole)
Then in 1989, twenty-six years after the crash, the plane was accidentally rediscovered in an aerial survey of the island.
解释时间(L66 Sweet as honey)
TIP: 年份后面有相应的事件说明
When you visit London, one of the first things you will see is Big Ben, the famous clock which can be heard all
over the world on the B.B.C.
解释事物(L71 A famous clock)
Bluebird, the car he was driving, had been specially built for him.
解释事物(L72 A car called Bluebird)
TIP: 解释事物的同位语中通常还包含一个定语从句
Part III 如何写出同位语
不难发现,同位语的作用是让我们对不熟悉的人事物变得更为精确、具体。因此大家在自己写句子、段落的时候也应做到as detailed as possible.
那同位语从句如何写呢?我们也用新二课文中的句子列举一二。
He will be in his small boat, Topsail.
Topsail is a famous little boat.
(L12 Goodbye and good luck)
方法:1) 找出同类项 2) 省略名词或代词、be动词 3) 合并加逗号
以上两句同类项是Topsail, 因此我们省略后一个,去掉be动词is, 合并加上逗号,最后呈现出这样的句子:
He will be in his small boat, Topsail, a famous little boat.
再比如:
The Greenwood Boys are a group of pop singers.
At present, they are visiting all parts of the country.
(L13 The Greenwood boys)
这两句同类项是the Greenwood Boys, 但是我们可以稍作变化,将带有be动词的第一句简化为同位语。
At present, the Greenwood Boys, a group of pop singers, are visiting all parts of the country.
大家尝试着自己写一写吧!要注意适当的变化哦!
Mr. James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhust. Pinhust is only
five miles from Silbury.
(L5 No wrong numbers)
à Mr. James Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhust, a city only
five miles from Silbury.
巩固一下~
Last week at a dinner party, the hostess asked me to sit next to Mrs. Rumbold.
Mrs. Rumbold was a large, unsmiling lady in a tight black dress.
(L40 Food and talk)
à The hostess asked me to sit next to Mrs. Rumbold, a large, unsmiling lady in a tight black dress.
Part IV 同位语从句
同位语能起到解释名词,简化句子的效果,当同位语本身就是个句子的时候,也就变成了同位语从句。新二下半册的同位语从句在同位语的铺垫下慢慢浮出水面,而大家真正接触到更多的同位从还是在新三的课文里。我们先从新二课文中窥探一二吧。
No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy.
(L46 Expensive and uncomfortable)
The fact = one of the boxes was extremely heavy.
The fact is that one of the boxes was extremely heavy.
再比如:
When the news got round that a comedy show would be presented at our local cinema by the P. and U. Bird
Seed Company, we all rushed to see it.
(L89 A slip of tongue)
The news = a comedy show would be presented at our local cinema by the P. and U. Bird Seed Company.
The news was that a comedy show would be presented at our local cinema by the P. and U. Bird Seed Company.
that 引导同位语从句
(TIP: that 引导同位语从句时不可省略,注意与定语从句的区分)
已经给大家说了不少同位语了,知识点虽小,但大有内涵。
大家要多感受,多消化,多练习。
新三中的同位语从句,之后再给大家详细解说~