20131006基口考试听力下午Spot Dictation原文+解析——吕梦皎 | |||
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20131006听力下午Spot Dictation来自于VOA慢速英语农业报道,内容关于人感染动物传播的疾病,人畜共患病以及其传播途径等等。整体难度适中,文中出现各种昂立讲义高频词,disease,food safety,infection,potential,,reduce poverty,a growing world population 等等(以下黄色标出),以及数字的记录,这也是昂立老师反复强调一定要牢牢掌握,不可失分的要点。
Researchers estimate that more than two billion people a year get diseases spread by animals. More than two million of them die.
Delia Grace is a veterinary epidemiologist an expert in the spread of diseases involving animals. She is also a food safety expert. She works at the International Livestock Research Institute in Nairobi, Kenya. She explains that diseases transmitted between animals and people are called zoonoses.
A majority of human diseases are actually zoonotic. More than sixty percent of human diseases are transmitted from other vertebrate animals.
Delia Grace says there are many different infection pathways for a person. Probably the most common one is for people to get sick from food. Other transmission pathways include direct contact with animals. And some diseases can be transmitted through water or through the air. Diseases like avian influenza or mad cow disease have actually killed very few people. But they are of interest because some of them have the potential to kill a lot of people diseases like the Spanish flu after the First World War or HIV/AIDS, both of which were originally zoonoses."
Delia Grace is the lead author of a new report called "Mapping of Poverty and Likely Zoonoses Hotspots." She points out that poverty and disease are closely linked, so preventing the transmission of animal diseases could help reduce poverty.
The report, for Britain's Department for International Development, lists places where the diseases are most common. The report lists places where a disease has existed for a long time, a so-called endemic zoonosis, as well as places with new threats.
So in terms of the hotspots of the zoonosis which are there all the time not the new zoonosis, but what we call the endemic zoonosis we identified three countries which bear the greatest burden of these diseases. And those are India, Ethiopia and Nigeria. But in terms of the new diseases the diseases which haven't been there, but are emerging the hotspots are very different. They appear to be western United States and western Europe.
Delia Grace says things could get worse in the coming years as meat production increases to feed a growing world population. High production farms often raise animals close together. Crowding can allow diseases to spread quickly. Another concern is the use of antibiotics in food animals, not only to prevent and treat diseases but to increase growth.
The report says an "incentivebased" system to encourage safer methods of raising animals could be more effective than increasing food inspections. |
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