推理题入门（1）--正向推理题

Ø  推理题的提问方式：

Which of the following can be inferred about X?

The author of the passage implies that X...

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X?

Tips：ETS出推理题有固定途径以确保考试的标准化、难度一致。

Ø  正向推理题典型例子

（OG Practice set 1） The Origins of Cetaceans

Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus(龙王鲸）, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.

  It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations (4)

○On land

○Both on land and at sea

○In shallow water

○In a marine environment

考题分析：这是一道典型的推理题，因为段落中并未提及give birth，而题目却考到了。当然，虽然推理题有其难度，但对于仅针对一个段落出题的题目来说，好消息是______________。请大家划出可以用来推理答案的那个原文句，并进行判断。答案为（   ）。

Ø  正向推理题=整体与部分推理

在上面的例子中，文章并未讲“部分”(bred and give birth)，而是讲了“整体”（a fully marine whale/ such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 500-foot-long Basilosaurus on land.)。部分一定具备整体的特质，所以推理自然就不难。这算是“给定段落里没有推理对象”的推理题入门级难度例题。我们来简化一下思路：

你知道吗？你妹妹这辈子都生活在上海。那么她在哪里读的小学呢？

整体和部分推理就是这个思路啦！

推理题入门（2）--举例引发的“整体与部分推理”

Ø  回顾一下什么叫整体与部分推理？

我妹妹在上海生活了一辈子，她小学哪里读的？--这是最简单的整体（在上海生活了一辈子）推理到部分（她小学在上海读的）例子。

Ø  带有例子的推理题的有效推理路径

1看到题干是一个例子-->2回到例子所在段落-->3找到例子（论据）前面的那个论点-->4判断一下，这个论点是否就是正确答案。

比如说：题干为“我妹妹获得过三次奥数比赛一等奖”这个事实能够推理出什么结论？

选项为

1.我妹参加过三次以上奥数比赛

2.我妹获奖是家常便饭

3.我妹是牛娃

4.我弟是学渣

回到原文，看到这个句子：我妹是个学霸（论点1），我弟是个学渣（论点2）。我妹获得过三次奥数比赛一等奖（论据1）。我弟数学在不及格边缘徘徊（论据2）。

所以正确选项是（  ），其中的同义替换考点是______=________

Ø  真题演练

The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems TPO-3

Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.

 Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?(3)

○They become less stable as they mature.

○They support many species when they reach climax.

○They are found in temperate zones.

○They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.

1看到题干是一个例子redwood forests-->2回到例子所在段落-->3找到例子（论据）前面的那个论点（请划出）-->4判断一下，这个论点中是否就有正确答案的影子呢。

正确选项是（3 ）

Ø  再看一个稍微复杂一点的例子推理题

比如说：题干为“我妹妹获得过三次奥数比赛一等奖”这个事实能够推理出什么结论？

选项为

4.我妹参加过三次以上奥数比赛

5.我妹获奖是家常便饭

6.我弟数学比我妹好

4.我妹数学比我弟弟好

回到原文，看到这个句子：我妹是个数学学霸（论点1），我妹获得过三次奥数比赛一等奖（论据1）。我弟是个数学学渣（论点2）。我弟数学在不及格边缘徘徊（论据2）。

答案为（  ）