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2016黄浦区高中二模解析之阅读A篇
发布时间:2016-04-25 作者:高考项目部 来源于:昂立外语网站

Section B

Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

牛刀小试

Extremophiles are organisms that have been discovered on earth that survive in environments that were once thought not to be able to sustain life. These extreme environments include intense heat, highly acidic environments, extreme pressure and extreme cold. Different organisms have developed varying ways of adapting to these environments, but most scientists agree that it is unlikely that life on Earth originated under such extremes.
Adapting to Extreme Heat

One type of extremophiles is called thermophiles. These organisms can survive at very high temperatures. In the 1960s, heat resistant bacteria were discovered in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. This bacteria, thermusaquaticus thrives at temperatures of 70°C (160°F) but can survive temperatures of 50°C to 80°C (120°F to 175°F). A few years after these were discovered, other bacteria were found living under even more extreme conditions. Hydrothermal vents were discovered deep in the ocean and under such high pressure that the water boils at 340°C. It was a surprise to researchers to discover bacteria living and thriving in the vents at such extreme temperatures and pressures. Not only were there bacteria, but centimeters away where the water was cooler, was a complete ecosystem living off the bacteria. There were clams and tubeworms among other species.
Adapting to Extreme Cold

Other extremophiles have developed ways to cope with cold. Deep ocean water is as a fairly constant temperature of 2°C, but because of its salt content, in colder areas, ocean water can reach temperatures as low at -12°C without freezing. Extremophiles known as psychrophiles are known to survive at these low temperatures. Different species have come up with different ways to survive these cold temperatures. Some have developed substances, such as glycerol or antifreeze proteins which lower the freezing point of water by several degrees.
The main danger to organisms of freezing is the damage caused by ice crystals as water freezes and expands. Some species of frogs and turtles have proteins which actually facilitate the freezing of body liquids. If the animal’s body liquids begin to freeze, a chain reaction is started and all of the body’s liquids freeze rapidly. This prevents the formation of ice crystals large enough to do any damage. Many kinds of microorganisms can survive freezing and thawing, as long as the problem of ice crystals is avoided.

66.An:ecosystem:(paragraph2)can be best described as .

A.an interesting community that contains both living and non-living organisms

B.a large collective term for animals that eat bacteria

C.different types of plants and animals that compete for good

D.The place where temperatures and conditions are dangerous and extreme

67.The formation of large ice crystal is dangerous mostly because .

A.the animal can no longer breathe, and nutrient can’t be carried around the body

B.proteins cause the animal’s body liquids to freeze

C.the freezing and expansion of water could damage the animal’s organs

D.the temperature inside the animal becomes too cold to survive in

68.Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage?

A. Extremophiles live in environment other organism cannot survive in.

B. Extremophiles can survive in both acidic and high pressure environments.

C. The thermophile lives in extremely high temperatures.

D. Fresh water has a constant temperature of around 2℃

69.The pressure of this article is to .

A. Amuse and entertain scientists

B. Provide a personal opinion about an issue

C. Educate and inform readers

D. Predict the beginning of evolution

真相大白

66-69.ACDC

名师把脉

本篇文章的主题是自然科学,讲的是生物学家的新发现:极端微生物。本文然后介绍了两类微生物,分别是生活在极端炎热和极端寒冷环境下的生物,主要描述该类生物的极端生存环境和特征。

步步为赢

66. 解析:A,单词辨析题,根据ecosystem单词本身含义以及第二段最后一句可知,生活在该极端环境下的除了细菌之外,还生活着其他的生物(clams and tubeworms),因此是对该极端环境下生物圈的描述,选择A

67. 解析:C,由最后一段第一句 “The main damage to organisms of freezing is the damage caused by ice crystals as water freezes and expands.”可知,因此选C

68. 解析:D,正误判断题,A选项是文章的第一部分的中心内容,文章讲的也就是该类生物的强大之处——其他生物不能生存在极端环境B选项第一段开头提到了,因此是正确的;C选项在第二段一开始提到,thermophile是极端生物的一种,因此正确;D选项是深海水温的温度,而不是活水的

69. 解析:C,最后一题较为简单,看完文章之后可清楚知道该文章为自然科学类文章,目的自然是为了给读者提供信息,因此选C,其它选项均未表现出来。

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