Section C

Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.

牛刀小试

Whether it is “women and children first” or “every man for himself” in a shipwreck may depend on how long it takes the ship to sink, researchers said recently．
When the Lusitania was torpedoed (用鱼雷袭击) by a German ship in 1915, it sank in 18 minutes and the majority of the survivors were young men and women who responded immediately to their powerful survival instincts．
   But when the Titanic struck an iceberg in 1912, it took three hours to go down, allowing time for more civilized behavior to take control--and the majority of the survivors were women, children and people with young children．
   Economist Benno Torgler of the Queensland University of Technology in Australia and his colleagues studied the two sinkings in order to explore the economic theory that people generally behave in a “rational” and selfish manner.The two tragedies provided a “natural experiment” for testing the idea, because the passengers on the two ships were quite similar in terms of gender and wealth．
   The major difference was how long it took the ships to sink.They suggested that when people have little time to react, instincts may rule.When more time is available, social influences play a bigger role.But psychologists noted that many factors other than following social norms (社会规范)could come into play in a disaster, including an evolutionary urge to save the species, attachments that are formed between individuals during the event and the leadership of authority figures．
   The extent of altruism（利他主义）and how it occurs “is a very controversial issue,” said Anthony R.Mawson, a professor of preventive medicine at the University of Mississippi Medical Center.He thinks the dominant response was attachment behavior．
   Psychologist Daniel Kruger of the University of Michigan, US thinks that the answer lies less in social norms and more in our evolutionary heritage.Human beings have a deep instinct to preserve our kind, he said, and that means “people are more likely to save those who have higher reproductive value, namely the young and women in child-bearing years”．
   Kruger also stressed the importance of leadership during a disaster, noting that the Titanic’s captain appeared to have greater control than the Lusitania’s．

(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 12 WORDS)

78.According to Benno Torgler, what led to the different results between the two shipwrecks?

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79.Besides social norms and leadership, what other factors play a part in disaster behavior?

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80.According to Daniel Kruger, Why do the young and women of child-bearing age take the priority to survive?

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81.What does the passage mainly tell us?

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真相大白

78.The time it took the ships to sink

79.The evolutionary urge to save the species and the emotional/interpersonal attachments

80.Because they are more important to the survival of the species/Because they make a contribution to human continuity/Because they have higher reproductive value to human beings

81.The reasons why people behave differently in a disaster

The factors that lead people to behave differently in a disaster.

The factors that play a part in disaster behavior.

步步为赢

78. 解析：此题的难度不大，定位到文章第五段开头The major difference was how long it took the ships to sink，注意到语法细节，改成名词短语The time it took the ships to sink。

79. 解析：此题难度也不大，定位到第五段最后 “But psychologists noted that many factors other t... including an evolutionary urge to save the species, attachments that are formed between individuals during the event... ”,我们可以判断另外两个影响人们在灾难中做出什么表现的因素是维持人类自身物种发展的本能和人与人之间的亲情。

80. 解析：此题难度不大，但需要自己组织语言，文章倒数第二段提到 “Human beings have a deep instinct to preserve our kind”, 人类有一种保护自身物种的本能，而年轻人和待孕妇女可以更好地繁衍后代，保持物种的繁衍。因此可以总结出Because they have higher reproductive value to human beings。

81. 解析：此题属于主旨概括题，文章第一段就提到了航海失事之后人们不同的反应取决于船体失事持续的时间，后面又具体分析了，时间紧急时，人类的本能起主要作用，时间相对较长时，社会道德规范，维护自身物种繁衍生存的本能以及领导力都起到主要作用。可见文章的主旨是决定人们对船只失事的反应的因素,即The factors that lead people to behave differently in a disaster。

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