英语语法重点和难点解析（二）

五、由某些状语从句引出的省略

He is a man of few words. He never speaks unless ______.

A. speaking             B. spoken                C. speaking to         D. spoken to

此题应选D。这是省略句, 补完整为：

He is a man of few words. He never speaks unless

he is spoken to. 他是一个沉默寡言的人, 除非别人同他说话, 否则他从不说话。

在英语中, 一些表示时间、地点、条件、方式、 让步等的从句, 若其主语与主句主语一致, 且从句谓语包含动词be, 那么可将从句的主语和动词be省略：

You must study hard while (you are) young, or you will regret when (you are) old. 趁年轻时要努力学习, 不然到老了你会后悔的。

I won’t go unless (I am) invited. 我不会去, 除非请我。

He worked very hard though (he was) still rather poor in health. 尽管身体还不好, 但他仍努力工作。

He will work hard wherever (he is) sent by the Party. 无论党把他派往哪里, 他都会努力工作。

While (I was) waiting, I was reading some old magazines. 等的时候我在看一些旧杂志。

If (it is) carefully done, the experiment will be successful. 如果做得仔细, 这个实验会成功。

Look out for cars when (you are) crossing the streets. 过马路时要注意汽车。

六、这个to能省略吗

—Would you like to see the film with me?

—Yes, I’d very much like ______.

A. to                        B. to see                  C. ×                         D. see

此题应选A。该句为省略句, 补完整为：I’d very much like to see the film with you. 我很想同你去看电影。

有时为了避免重复前面已经出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号(to)来代替不定式结构，但在许多情况下这个不定式符号(to)不能省略：

I don’t dance much now, but I used to. 我现在不常跳舞, 但我过去常常跳。

He hasn’t done the washing, but he’s going to. 他还没有洗衣服, 但他就要去洗了。

Why didn’t you come last night? You were told to. 你昨晚为什么不来, 告诉过你要来的吧。

The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street but his mother told him not to. 这个男孩想要到街上去骑自行车, 但他母亲叫他不要去。

A：Is he going to learn to drive? 他打算学开车吗?

B：He’d be silly not to, wouldn’t he? 他要是不学开车, 那他就有点傻, 是不是?

I think he should get a job, but you can’t force him to. 我想他应该找个工作, 但你不能逼他找。

不过有时也可将代替不定式的不定式符号(to)省略：

—Ought he to start now? 他现在必须出发吗?

—Yes, he ought (to). 是的, 他必须出发。

七、是反意问句还是省略句

Many people have become rich by working hard, ______ you?

A. are    B. have    C. aren’t    D. haven’t

此题应选B。容易误选C, D, 误认为这是反意疑问句。其实这是一个省略句, 补全为：

Many people have become rich by working hard; have you become rich by working hard too? 许多人通过勤劳致了富, 你也通过勤劳致富了吗?

又如：

Many young people like the book. Do you? 许多年轻人喜欢这本书, 你喜欢吗?

He will leave for Japan next week. Will you? 他下星期要去日本, 你去吗?

We all want to attend the meeting; do you? 我们都想参加这次会议, 你想参加吗?

以下各句情况也有些类例：

1. —I met Mr. Smith last Sunday? 上个星期天我遇到史密斯先生了。

—Oh, did you? 哦, 是吗?

2. —He has come back already? 他已经回来了?

—Oh, has he? 哦, 是吗?

3. —Soon he will marry his cousin. 他不久将同他表妹结婚。

—Oh, will he? 哦, 是吗?

4. —Jim, why weren’t you telling the truth? 你为什么不讲真话?

—But I was. 但我讲的是真话。

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