时态语法重点和难点解析（三）

七、正确理解和运用过去完成时的关键是什么

He asked me to have a drink with him. I said that it was at least ten years since I ______ a good drink.

A. had enjoyed         B. was enjoying        C. enjoyed               D. had been enjoying

此题应选A。容易误选C。本题主要考察过去完成时的基本用法(过去完成时是各类考试的常考考点), 此用法的关键是要正确理解“过去的过去”这五个字，也就是说：过去完成时是一个相对时态, 它必须以一个过去时间作参照, 而这个过去完成时所表示的动作要发生在这个过去时间的过去。做这类题时, 考生一定要注意一定的上下文, 要注意寻找直接或间接的过去参照时间：

1. He was disappointed that most of the guests___ when he ____ at the party.

A. left; had arrived                                     B. left; arrived

C. had left; had arrived                               D. had left; arrived

2. The students _____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _____ in the office.

A. had written; left                                      B. were writing; has left

C. had written; had left                                  D. were writing; had left

3. Helen _____ her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home.

A. has left; comes                                       B. left; had come

C. had left; came                                        D. had left; would come

答案：1. D 2. D 3. C

八、This is the first time后的从句通常用什么时态

—Do you know our town at all?

—No, this is the first time I ______ here.

A. was                      B. have been            C. came                   D. am coming

此题应选B。这与句中的this is the first time有关：一般说来, 在It [This] is the first time＋that-结构中, that-从句通常用现在完成时：

It’s the first time (that) the boy has spoken to a foreigner. 这个男孩还是第一次同外国人说话。

It’s the first time that she’s seen an elephant. 这是她第一次见到大象。

有时以上结构中的first也可换成second, third, fourth等；其中的time也可换成其它名词：

It’s the first month that he has lived here. 这是他第一个月住在这里。

This is the second cigarette that he has smoked today. 这是他今天抽的第二支烟。

若It was the first time that-结构中, that-从句通常用过去完成时, 有时也用一般过去时, 有时若有包括现在在内的时间状语, 偶尔还可用现在完成时：

I was lucky because that was the second time I(had) visited Japan that year. 我很幸运, 那是我那年第二次访问日本。

It was the first time this year that he hadn’t[hasn’t] worked on a Saturday. 这是今年来他第一次在星期六不上班。

九、做这个时态题完全看语境

I met Jim last week. We ______ each other for about twenty years since we left Japan.

A. didn’t meet         B. don’t meet           C. haven’t met        D. hadn’t met

此题应选D。不少考生会误选C，因为这句当中有一个由since引导的时间状语从句。确实，在与since状语从句连用的主句中, 时态通常是用现在完成时：

He has lived here since he came here. 自从他来到这里, 他就一直住在这儿。

We haven’t heard from her since she left. 自从她离开后, 我们就一直未收到她的来信。

I have been at his bedside ever since he became ill. 自从他生病以来，我一直守在他床边。

以上各例之所以用了现在完成时, 是因为since表示“自从……以来, 一直……”, 这刚好与现在完成时的持续性用法一致。但是这种用法不是绝对的, 有时在特定的语言环境下也可能有例外。试比较：

1. We haven’t met each other for about 20 years since we left Japan.

2. I met Jim last week. We hadn’t met each other

for about twenty years since we left Japan.

第1句用现在完成时, 这大家比较好理解。但是第2句用过去完成时, 有的考生就感到费解了。其实第2句用过去完成时的主要原因是I met Jim last week. 既然“我上个星期见到了吉姆”, 所以“30 年未见面”显然应在“上星期”这一过去时间之前(即“过去的过去”), 所以要用过去完成时。

十、这是根据语境确定时态的一道妙题

—Excuse me, sir. Smoking is not allowed here.

—Oh, sorry I ______.

A. don’t know          B. didn’t know         C. haven’t known    D. can’t know

此题应选 B。这是一道很好的测试时态的语境题。此题的情景是：一方提醒另一方不准抽烟, 对方表示歉意并说自己不知道。这里的“不知道”显然是指对方“提醒”之前“不知道”(所以用过去时态)；假若用一般现在时, 则指在对方提醒之后还仍然不知道, 这不是很荒唐吗?

在做时态试题时, 要特别注意上下文的语境：

1. —We could have walked to the station; it was so near.

—Yes. A taxi ____ at all necessary.

A. wasn’t                  B. hadn’t been

C. wouldn’t be          D. won’t be

2. —Your phone number again? I____quite catch it.

—It’s 7226109.

A. didn’t                   B. couldn’t                C. don’t                    D. can’t

3. —Can I help you, sir?

—Yes. I bought this radio here yesterday, but it _____ work.

A. didn’t                   B. won’t                   C. can’t                    D. doesn’t

4. —Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday?

—I _____, but I had an unexpected visitor.

A. had                      B. would                   C. was going to         D. did

答案：1. A 2. A 3. D 4. C

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