连词的语法解析(一)
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一、概说 连词是一种虚词,用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子,在句子不单独用作句子成分。连接按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用于连接并列的单词、短语、从句或句子,如and, but, or, for等;从属连词主要引出名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等)和状语从句(时间状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句等),引出名词性从句的连词如that, whether等,引出状语从句的连词如when, because, since, if 等。 二、并列连词的用法 1. and的用法 (1) 表示联合,意为“和”、“又”、“而且”: We were cold and hungry. 我们饥寒交迫。 I woke up and got out of bed. 我醒了就起床了。 He played the piano and she sang. 他弹钢琴,她唱歌。 (2) 有时用于连接两个相同的词语,表示事物连续性: The train ran faster and faster. 火车开得越来越快。 We waited for hours and hours. 我们一直等了好几个小时。 The boys laughed and laughed. 这些孩子笑个不停。 注:但有时连接两个相同名词表示不同的质量和种类: There are dictionaries and dictionaries. 词典很多,有好有坏。 Don’t worry—there are rules and rules. 别担心——规则与规则不一样。 (3) 在口语中用在 come, go, run, stay, stop, try 等之后表示目的,大致相当于不定式符号 to: Come and have tea with me. 过来跟我一起喝杯茶。 We ought to stop and think. 我们应该停下来想一想。 (4) 有时用在祈使句后,表示结果,意为“那么”: Work hard and you’ll succeed. 努力干吧,你会成功的。 Arrive late once more and you’re fired. 你再迟一次,你就会被开除。 比较:If you work hard, you’ll succeed. 如果你努力干,你会成功的。 (5) 有时表示对比(有类似but的意思): He is rich, and (yet) leads a modest life. 他很富有,但却过着朴素的生活。 Robert is secretive and David is candid. 罗伯特深藏不露,而戴维则有啥说啥。 (6) 用在 good, nice, fine 等之后,表示“很”,“挺”: It’s nice and cool under the tree. 这树下很凉快。 The book is good and expensive. 这本书很贵。 2. or的用法 (1) 表示选择 Would you prefer tea or coffee? 你喜欢茶还是咖啡? Do you want a bath at once, or shall I have mine first? 是你马上洗澡,还是我先洗? (2) 表示一种否定的条件 Get up or you’ll be late for school. 起床吧,否则你上学会迟到了。 Hurry up, or you’ll miss the last bus. 快点,要不你会赶不上最后一班车。 注:第一句的or等于if you don’t get up now,第二句的or等于if you don’t hurry up。此时的or也可换成or else或otherwise。 3. but的用法 but主要用于表示转折: They are poor but proud. 他们人穷志不穷。 He drives not carefully but slowly. 他开车不够小心,但开得很慢。 He tried but without success. 他努力了但没有成功。 【注】不要按汉语意思将“虽然…但是…”直译为although…but…: 误:Though we are poor, but we are happy. (去掉though或but中任一个) 4. yet的用法 与but一样,yet也主要用于转折: It is strange yet true. 这很奇怪,却是真的。 I have failed, yet I shall try again. 我失败了,但我还要尝试。 注:有时可与并列连词and或but连用,构成习语and yet和but yet,且两者大致同义(均相当于表转折的but): She drove very fast to the airport, but [yet, and yet, but yet] she missed the plane. 她开快车去机场,可还是误了飞机。 5. for的用法 for主要用于表示理由: He must be out, for there is no light in the room. 他准是出去了,因为屋里没有灯。 She does not go out in the winter, for she feels the cold a great deal. 她冬天不出门,因为他特别怕冷。 【注】for表示结果通常不能放句首,也不能单独使用。 6. so的用法 so主要用于表结果: There were no buses, so I came by bicycle. 没有公共汽车,所以我就骑自行车来了。 The door was locked, so we couldn’t get in. 门上锁了,所以我们进不去。 It was dark, so I couldn’t see what was happening. 天很黑,所以我看不见发生了什么事。 I’m off on holiday, so I won’t be seeing you for a bit. 我要外出度假,所以有一段时间我就见不着你了。 【注】(1) 有时可与并列连词and连用,构成习语and so(相当so): He told me to do it and so I did it. 他叫我那么做,所以我就做了。 (2) 不要按汉语意思将“因为…所以…”直译为because…so…: 误:Because we were ill, so he couldn’t come. (去掉because或so中任意一个) 7. both…and…的用法 其意为“…和…都”、“不但…而且…”、“既…又…”: She both speaks and writes Japanese. 她不仅会说日语,而且还会写。 He spoke with both kindness and understanding. 他说话既亲切又明事理。 【注】作为关联并列连词,它通常应连接两个相同性质的句子成分,但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。另外,若连接两个成分作主语时,谓语要用复数。 8. either…or…的用法 其意为“要么…要么…”、“不是…就是…”: Either come in or go out. 要么进来,要么出去。 I want to visit either Paris or London. 我想去巴黎或伦敦游览一下。 Either he did not speak distinctly or I did not hear well. 不是他没讲清楚,就是我没听明白。 【注】通常应连接两个相同性质的句子成分,但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。若连接两个成分作主语,其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致: You can either have tea or coffee. 你喝茶也行,喝咖啡也行。 Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错,就是我错。 9. neither…nor…的用法 其意为“既不…也不…”、“…和…都不”: I have neither time nor money. 我既无时间又无钱。 I neither smoke nor drink. 我既不抽烟也不喝酒。 He neither knows nor cares what happened. 他对所发生的事不闻不问。 This is neither my fault nor yours. 这既不怪我,也不怪你。 【注】通常应连接两个相同性质的句子成分,但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词。若连接两个成分作主语,其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致: Mary neither likes maths nor (likes) history. 玛丽既不喜欢数学也不喜欢历史。 Neither Jim and Jack was at home. 吉姆和杰克都不在家。 但在非正式文体中也可一律用复数: Neither Jim and Jack were at home. 吉姆和杰克都不在家。 10. not only…but also…的用法 其意为“不但…而且…”: Not only men but also women were chosen. 选中的不仅有男的也有女的。 He not only read the book, but also remembered what he read. 他不仅读过这本书,而且还记得书中的内容。 【注】该结构中的also有时可省略,或与but分开用,或用too, as well代之(位于句末): Not only is he funny, but he is witty too [as well]. 他不但风趣,而且也很机智。 若连接两个成分作主语,其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致: Not only you but also he has to leave. 不只是你,他也得离开。 11. 涉及并列连词and和but的典型试题 请做以下各组试题,注意其中有无and和but所导致所选答案的变化: It ______ fine, we went out for a walk. (选C) It ______ fine, and we went out for a walk. (选A) A. was B. is C. being D. were There I saw five people, the teacher _______.(选A) There I saw five people, and the teacher _______.(选B) A. included B. was included C. including D. was including He bought a lot of books, most of _______ are about agriculture. (选D) He bought a lot of books, and most of _______ are about agriculture. (选A) A. them B. books C. his D. which He wrote a lot of book, none of _______ were popular. (选D) He wrote a lot of book, but none of _______ were popular. (选A) A. them B. books C. his D. which 如果想要咨询相关课程内容可以拨打免费电话:400-820-5040!或者直接访问查看我们相关课程详情页面:上海高考英语培训 |
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