初中英语比较级的语法解析（四）

六、几个重要的比较结构

1. as…as 结构。其基本意思为“与……一样”，其中的第一个as副词，其后通常接形容词或副词(用原级)，第二个as可用作介词(后接名词或代词)或连词(后接从句)。使用时应注意以下几点：

(1) 在否定句中，第一个 as 也可换成 so：

He doesn’t study as [so] hard as his brother. 他学习不如他弟弟努力。

(2) 在该结构的两个as之间通常接形容词或副词的原级，但若涉及数量或程度，可用“as much+不可数名词+as”和“as many+可数名词复数+as”：

You’ve made as many mistakes as I have.  你犯的错误和我犯的一样多。

I haven’t got as much money as I thought. 我不像原来想像的有那么多钱。

其间接形容词时，有时该形容词还可修饰另一名词，但这个名词应带有不定冠词(注意词序)：

She is as good a cook as her mother. 她和她妈妈一样是位好厨师。

也可说：She is a cook as good as her mother.

但不说：She is as a good cook as her mother. 或They are as good cooks as us.

(3) 第二个as后接从句时，该as通常为连词，但有时这个as还充当其后从句的主语或宾语，此时该as实为关系代词：

I gave him as much as he could eat. 他能吃多少，我就给了他多少。

We’ve got food for as many people as want it. 我们的食物，无论多少人吃都够了。

(4) 该结构根据情况可用使用以下修饰语：(not) nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half, one-ten, twice, three times, 30 per cent等，并且这些修饰语必须置于第一个as之前，而不能置于其后：

He doesn’t play half as well as his sister. 他演奏的水平不及他姐姐的一半。

This dress is twice as expensive as that. 这件连衣裙比那件贵一倍。

(5) 若第二个as引导一个表示将来意义的从句，则该从句可用现在时表示将来，也可直接使用将来时态：

We’ll get there as soon as you do [will]. 你一到，我们就到。

(6) 在非正式场合(尤其是美国英语中)，有时可以省略第一个as：

When over forty, he married a woman poor as himself. 他在40多岁时娶了一个像他本人一样穷的女人。

另外，若意思明确，有时可省略第二个as及其后的相关词语：

The pianos in that shop will be cheaper, but not as good. 那家商店的收音机会便宜些，但质量没那么好。

2. more than 与less than

(1) more than 的主要用法是：

①(指数量)多于：

I’ve known him for more than twenty years. 我已认识他20多年了。

② 不只是，不仅仅是(通常后接名词、动词、从句等)：

He is more than a father to her. 他待她胜过父亲。

He more than smiled, but laughed. 他不只是微笑，而是放声大笑。

The result was much more than I imagined. 结果远远超过我的想像。

③ 极其，非常(通常后接形容词、副词或分词等)：

She was more than kind to us. 她对我们很友好。

He was more than upset by the accident. 这个意外事故使他非常心烦意乱。

④ 难以，完全不能(其后通常连用情态动词 can)：

That is more than I can tell (=I can’t tell that). 那事我实在不明白。

(2) less than 的主要用法是：

①(指数量)不到，不足：

It’s less than a mile to the station. 去车站不到一英里。

In less than an hour he finished the work. 没要上一个小时他就做完了工作。

② 比…(小)少：

Two is less than Three. 二比三小。

She eats less than she should. 她吃得比她应该吃的少。

③ 一点也不：

He was less than helpful when we arrived. 我们到达时他一点也不帮忙。

3. more …than 与 less…than

(1) more...than 的主要用法：

① 比…多，比…更：

He has more books than me. 他的书比我多。

He is more careful than the others. 他比其他人更仔细。

② 与其…不如：

He is more lucky than clever. 与其说他聪明，不如说他幸运。

He is more  scholar than  teacher.  与其说他是位教师，不如说是位学者。

注：该句型主要用于同一个人或物在两个不同性质或特征等方面的比较，其中的比较级必须用加 more的形式，不能用加词尾 -er 的形式。

(2) less...than 的主要用法是：

① 不像(如)：

He is less honest than his brother. 他不如他哥哥聪明。

② 比…少，不如…多：

We drink less coffee than tea. 我们喝咖啡不如喝茶多。

I got less money than the others did. 我比别人得到的钱少。

③ 与其…不如…：

I regard him less as my teacher than as my friend. 与其说我把他当作老师，不如说我是把他当作朋友。

注：表示此义时与可与 more…than结构替换(但要注意词序的变化)：

He is less a teacher than an expert. / He is more an expert than a teacher. 与其说他是老师，不如说他是专家。

4. no+比较级+than。这类结构的实际意思是对待比较的两个对象进行否定，相当于该原级形容词或副词的反义词使用as…as结构的意思：

no better than = as bad as 与……一样不好

no faster than = as slow as 与……一样不快

no taller than = as short as 与……一样不高

no earlier than = as late as 与……一样迟

He is no cleverer than her. 他与她一样不聪明(即一样愚)。

He’s no richer than a beggar. 他同乞丐一样穷，即穷如乞丐。

5. no+比较级+than与not+比较级+than：前者表示“与…一样不”，后者表示“不比…更”：

He is not taller than me. 他不如我高。

He is no taller than me. 他同我一样不高。(即一样矮)

His English is not better than mine. 他的英语不如我的英语好。

His English is no better than mine. 他的英语同我的英语一样不好。(即一样差)

You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细。

You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细。(即一样粗心)

6. no more than与not more than：两者均可表示数量，前者表示“仅仅”、“只有”(= only)，强调少；而后者表示“不多于”、“至多”(= at most)：

He is no more than an ordinary English teacher. 他只不过是个普通的英文老师。

He has no more than three children. 他只有 3 个孩子。

He has not more than three children. 他最多 3 个孩子(有或许还不到 3 个之意)。

7. no more…than与not more…than：两者均可用于比较，前者表示对两者都否定，意为“同…一样不”(=neither ... nor)；而后者则指两者虽都具有某种特征，但程度不同，意为“不如”、“不及”(= not so ... as)：

He is no more a writer than a painter. 他不是画家，也不是作家。(= He is neither a painter nor a writer.)

He’s no more able to read Spanish than I am. 他和我都读不懂西班牙语。 (=Neither he nor I am not read Spanish.)

She is not more clever than he is.  她不如他聪明。(= She is not so clever as he is.)

This book is not more difficult than that one. 这本书不比那本书更难。(This book is not so difficult as that one.)

8. no less than 与not less than：表示均可表示数量，前者意为“多达”、“有…之多”，强调多；后者表示“不下于”、“至少”：

He has no less than seven daughters. 他有七个女儿之多。

He has not less than seven daughters. 他至少有七个女儿。

9. no more …than 与 no less…than：前者意为“与…一样不”，否定两者；而后者则表示“和…一样”，肯定两者：

She’s no more a great singer than I am. 他不是优秀歌手，我也不是。

Your brother is no less wise than you. 你的兄弟跟你一样聪明。

A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.  马不是鱼，鲸也不是鱼。

A dolphin is no less a clever animal than a dog is. 海豚与狗同样都是聪明的动物。

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